Towards a Definition of Film Noir (1955) by Raymond Borde and Etienne Chaumeton Essay Example

Towards a Definition of Film Noir (1955) by Raymond Borde and Etienne Chaumeton Essay In the excerpt Towards a Definition of Film Noir, authors Raymond Borde and Etienne Chaumeton address the problem of defining film noir. The main issue is the diversity and interrelationships across genres that make the task daunting. While the term film noir may have been coined by influential critics in France, the birthplace of the genre is Hollywood. Many adjectives come to mind when thinking of film noir, but any given film can contain any permutation of these qualities. For example, qualities such as night-marish, weird, erotic, cruel or ambivalent can readily be associated with the genre. Yet this list is not exhaustive. Thrillers such as This Gun for Hire, The Big Sleep and The Lady in the Lake are as much part of the genre as are the more experimental Call Northshid 777, The House on the 92nd Street and The Naked City. Whatmore, compounding the problem of definition of film noir are the various renowned directors who have embraced the genre. Household names like Billy Wilder , John Huston, Otto Preminger, Robert Siodmak and Fritz Lang have all contributed to film noir. These luminous directors have not merely restricted themselves to film noir but have acquired fame for works in other genres. Hence classification on the basis of director groupings is also inadequate in defining film noir. Perhaps the only definitive quality is that the genre came into its own in the decade after the Second World War. It was an era of morose and confusion, as people (both in the United States and Europe) were grappling with evil tendencies in human nature – something film noir faithfully captures. In my opinion, authors Borde and Chaumeton do a commendable job of attempting to define the genre. They lay out the broader categories into which it falls, which incidentally complicate the problem. Finally, their definition of the genre in terms of its emotional effects on the audience – the state of tension and a specific psychological alienation imposed on the spectator – is something I agree with. References: Raymond Borde and Etienne Chaumeton (1955), Towards a Definition of Film Noir, excerpted from Panaroma du Film Noir Americain), p.17-25. In the excerpt Towards a Definition of Film Noir, authors Raymond Borde and Etienne Chaumeton address the problem of defining film noir. The main issue is the diversity and interrelationships across genres that make the task daunting. While the term film noir may have been coined by influential critics in France, the birthplace of the genre is Hollywood. Many adjectives come to mind when thinking of film noir, but any given film can contain any permutation of these qualities. For example, qualities such as night-marish, weird, erotic, cruel or ambivalent can readily be associated with the genre. Yet this list is not exhaustive. Thrillers such as This Gun for Hire, The Big Sleep and The Lady in the Lake are as much part of the genre as are the more experimental Call Northshid 777, The House on the 92nd Street and The Naked City. Whatmore, compounding the problem of definition of film noir are the various renowned directors who have embraced the genre. Household names like Billy . We will write a custom essay sample on Towards a Definition of Film Noir (1955) by Raymond Borde and Etienne Chaumeton specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Towards a Definition of Film Noir (1955) by Raymond Borde and Etienne Chaumeton specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Towards a Definition of Film Noir (1955) by Raymond Borde and Etienne Chaumeton specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

hemophilia essays

hemophilia essays Hemophilia is a genetic bleeding disorder. People who have hemophilia have a deficiency or an absence of a coagulation protein. A blood clotting factor is deficient or absent. Bleeding is most often into joints, such as the knee, elbow, or ankle, but bleeding can occur anywhere in the body. People with hemophilia bleed longer, not faster. The severity of hemophilia varies greatly. Hemophilia A and Hemophilia B are the most common genetic bleeding disorders. Hemophilia A is observed in 80 percent of hemophiliacs and is a deficiency or absence of Factor VIII. It can also be referred to as "classic" hemophilia. In the second most common, hemophilia B, factor IX is missing. This is also known as the "Christmas Disease" because of the surname of the first patient studied. Hemophilia was identified as early as biblical times. Doctors in medieval times were familiar with it as well. In 1803, a Philadelphia doctor published the first description of hemophilia in the United States. But it was not until 30 years later that hemophilia became widely recognized. Hemophilia later developed a reputation as the "royal disease" because it passed from Queen Victoria of England to her descendants throughout the royal houses of Europe. About eighty percent of all cases of hemophilia have an identifiable family history of the disease; in other instances, it may be attributable to a spontaneous mutation. Researchers recently discovered that the spontaneous mutation of the factor VIII gene in two children was due to the attachment of a foreign "jumping gene" that disrupted the blood-clotting ability of the factor VIII gene. Inheritance is controlled by a recessive sex-linked factor carried by the mother on the X chromosome. A probability of one in two exists that each boy born to a normal male and a carrier female will be hemophiliac and the same chance that each girl of this union will be a carrier. Of the children of a hemophiliac mal...

Reducing Secondhand Smoke on Children Annotated Bibliography

Reducing Secondhand Smoke on Children - Annotated Bibliography Example Additionally, a secondary source of information entails peer reviewed journals and articles. Most of the research conducted before on the matter secondhand smoke exposure on children has faced limitations on acquiring sufficient data especially in past findings; however, the author utilizes another significant source that rarely applies in research. The parents and medical practitioners give significant information that contributes greatly to the matter. Moreover, most of the information on interventions also entails children that have asthma. The final observations were that there is hope on significant reduction of secondhand smoke exposure especially with the current research on interventions that attracts a lot of attention around the globe. The author then concluded that institutions should focus on counseling, as it is critical especially as a foundation for other forms of intervention. Decisively, through this comprehensive evaluation, the author provides synopsis of strategies and approaches that medical practitioners and affected people can apply as part of reducing secondhand smoke exposure on children. The author uses results on less effective interventions applied to reduce secondhand smoke to single out children in the category that come from low-income families and have asthma. The aim is attempting to establish a connection between these two factors with the research based in California. The report entails sources that are credible and rarely applicable in secondhand exposure research i.e. information from parents on the estimated time of exposure on their child and child’s urine cotinine. Through hand-to-hand application of these two sources, the author was establishes a link that focuses on intervention and regulation meetings as part of follow-up. The author states out that the general collection of information was a hard task but the core challenges were on